1) Look at the activities listed below.
Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’.
Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’.
• Suma is swimming in a pond.
• A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
• A windmill is lifting water from a well.
• A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
• An engine is pulling a train.
• Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
• A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.
ANSWER:-
(a) While swimming, Suma applies a force to push the water backwards. Therefore, Suma swims in the forward direction caused by the forward reaction of water. Here, the force causes a displacement. Hence, work is done by Seema while swimming.
(b) While carrying a load, the donkey has to apply a force in the upward direction. But, displacement of the load is in the forward direction. Since displacement is perpendicular to force, the work done is zero.
(c) A windmill works against the gravitational force to lift water. Hence, work is done by the windmill in lifting water from the well.
(d) In this case, there is no displacement of the leaves of the plant. Therefore, the work done is zero.
(e) An engine applies force to pull the train. This allows the train to move in the direction of the force. Therefore, there is a displacement in the train in the same direction. Hence, work is done by the engine on the train.
(f) Foodgrains do not move in the presence of solar energy. Hence, the work done is zero during the process of food grains getting dried in the Sun.
(g)Wind energy applies a force on the sailboat to push it in the forward direction. Therefore, there is a displacement in the boat in the direction of the force. Hence, work is done by wind on the boat.
2) An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?
ANSWER:-W= mgh
Where,
h= Vertical displacement = 0
W = mg x 0 = 0 J
Therefore, the work done by
gravity on the given object is zero joule.
gravity on the given object is zero joule.
3) A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
ANSWER:-When a bulb is connected to a battery, then the chemical energy of the battery is transferred into electrical energy. When the bulb receives this electrical energy, then it converts it into light and heat energy.
4) Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass change its velocity from 5 m s −1 to 2 m s −1. Calculate the work done by the force.
ANSWER:-Kinetic energy is given
by the expression,(E k ) v = 1/2 mv2
by the expression,(E k ) v = 1/2 mv2
Where,
E k = Kinetic energy of the object moving with a velocity, v
(i) Kinetic energy when the
object was moving with a velocity 5 m s-1
object was moving with a velocity 5 m s-1
(E k ) 5= 1/2 x 20 x (5) 2 = 250
J
J
(ii) Kinetic energy when the
object was moving with a
velocity 2m s-1
object was moving with a
velocity 2m s-1
(E k ) 2= 1/2 x 20 x (2) 2 = 40
J.
J.
5) A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your answer.
ANSWER:-W= mgh
Where,
Vertical displacement, h = 0
∴W= mg x 0 = 0
Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero.
6) The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
ANSWER:-No. The process does not violate the law of conservation of energy. This is because when the body falls from a height, then its potential energy changes into kinetic energy progressively. A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the kinetic energy of the body. During the process, the total mechanical energy of the body remains conserved. Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is not violated.
7) What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle?
ANSWER:-While riding a bicycle, the muscular energy of the rider gets transferred into heat energy and kinetic energy of the bicycle. Heat energy heats the rider’s body. Kinetic energy provides velocity to the bicycle
8) Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going?
ANSWER:-When we push a huge rock, there is no transfer of muscular energy to the stationary rock. Also, there is no loss of energy because muscular energy is transferred into heat energy, which causes our body to become hot.
9) A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules?
ANSWER: 1 unit of energy is equal
to 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh).
to 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh).
1 unit = 1 kWh
1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J
Therefore, 250 units of energy
= 250 x 3.6 × 106 = 9 x 10 8 J.
10) An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down.
ANSWER:-W = mgh
Where,
h = Vertical displacement = 5m
m = Mass of the object = 40 kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity
= 9.8 m s −2
∴ W = 40 x 5 x 9.8 = 1960 J.
At half-way down, the potential
energy of the object will be
1960 / 2 = 980 J.
energy of the object will be
1960 / 2 = 980 J.
11) What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth? Justify your
answer.
answer.
ANSWER:-Work is done whenever A force acts on the body and there is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of the force. When a satellite moves around the Earth, then the
direction of the force of gravity on the satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite by the Earth is zero.
direction of the force of gravity on the satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite by the Earth is zero.
12) Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think. Discuss this question with your friends and teacher
ANSWER:-Yes. For a uniformly moving object. Suppose an object is moving with constant velocity. The net force acting on it is zero. But, there is a displacement along with the motion of the object. Hence, there can be a displacement without a force
13) A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer.
ANSWER:-Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of the force. When a person holds a bundle of hay over his head, then there is no displacement in the bundle of hay. Although the force of gravity is acting on the bundle, the person is not applying any force on it. Hence, in the absence of force, work done by the person on the bundle is zero.
14) An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
ANSWER:-P= W / T
Where,
The power rating of the heater,
P=1500 W = 1.5 kW
P=1500 W = 1.5 kW
Time for which the heater has operated, T= 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed by the heater
Therefore, energy consumed =
Power x Time
= 1.5 x 10 = 15 kWh
15) Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of energy?
ANSWER:-The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. Consider the case of an oscillating pendulum. When a pendulum moves from its mean position P to either of its extreme positions A or B, it rises through a height h above the mean level P. At this point, the kinetic energy of the bob changes completely into potential energy. The kinetic energy becomes zero, and the bob possesses only potential energy. As it moves towards point P, its potential energy decreases progressively. Accordingly, the kinetic energy increases. As the bob reaches point P, its potential energy becomes zero and the bob possesses only kinetic energy. This process is repeated as long as the pendulum oscillates. The bob does not oscillate forever. It comes to rest because air resistance resists its motion. The pendulum loses its kinetic energy to overcome this friction and stops after some time. The law of conservation of energy is not violated because the energy lost by the pendulum to overcome friction is gained by its surroundings. Hence, the total energy of the pendulum and the surrounding system remain conserved.
16) An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest?
ANSWER:-Kinetic energy of an object of mass, moving with a velocity, v is given by the expression,
E k = 1/2 mv 2
To bring the object to rest, 1/2 mv2 amount of work is required to be done on the object.
17) Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h?
ANSWER:-Kinetic energy, Ek= 1/2
mv2
mv2
Where,
Mass of car, m= 1500 kg
Velocity of car, v= 60 km/h=60 x
5 / 18 ms-1
5 / 18 ms-1
20.8 x 10 4 J of work is required to stop the car.
18) In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.
ANSWER:-Case I In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is perpendicular to the displacement. Therefore, the work done by the force on the block will be zero.
Case II In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is in the direction of displacement. Therefore, the work done by the force on the block will be positive.
Case III In this case, the direction of force acting on the block is opposite to the direction of displacement. Therefore, the work done by the force on the block will be negative.
19) Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why?
ANSWER:-Acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. This happens when all the forces cancel out each other, the net force acting on the object is zero. For a uniformly moving object, the net force acting on the object is zero. Hence, the acceleration of the object is zero. Hence, Soni is right.
20) Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each
ANSWER:-P = W / T
Where,
Power rating of the device, P=500
W = 0.50 kW
W = 0.50 kW
Time for which the device runs,
T= 10 h
T= 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed
by the device
by the device
Therefore, energy consumed =Power
x Time= 0.50 x 10 = 5 kWh
x Time= 0.50 x 10 = 5 kWh
Hence, the energy consumed by
four equal rating devices in 10 h will be 4 x 5 kWh = 20kWh = 20 Units.
four equal rating devices in 10 h will be 4 x 5 kWh = 20kWh = 20 Units.
21) A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
ANSWER:-When an object falls freely towards the ground, its potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases. As the object touches the ground, all its potential energy gets converted into kinetic energy. As the object hits the hard ground, all its kinetic energy gets converted into heat energy and sound energy. It can also deform the ground depending upon the nature of the ground and the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the object.